There is a missing chapter in the narrative of Canada’s Indigenous peoples—the story of the Métis Nation, a new Indigenous people descended from both First Nations and Europeans
Their story begins in the last decade of the eighteenth century in the Canadian North-West. Within twenty years the Métis proclaimed themselves a nation and won their first battle. Within forty years they were famous throughout North America for their military skills, their nomadic life and their buffalo hunts.
The Métis Nation didn’t just drift slowly into the Canadian consciousness in the early 1800s; it burst onto the scene fully formed. The Métis were flamboyant, defiant, loud and definitely not noble savages. They were nomads with a very different way of being in the world—always on the move, very much in the moment, passionate and fierce. They were romantics and visionaries with big dreams. They battled continuously—for recognition, for their lands and for their rights and freedoms. In 1870 and 1885, led by the iconic Louis Riel, they fought back when Canada took their lands. These acts of resistance became defining moments in Canadian history, with implications that reverberate to this day: Western alienation, Indigenous rights and the French/English divide.
After being defeated at the Battle of Batoche in 1885, the Métis lived in hiding for twenty years. But early in the twentieth century, they determined to hide no more and began a long, successful fight back into the Canadian consciousness. The Métis people are now recognized in Canada as a distinct Indigenous nation. Written by the great-grandniece of Louis Riel, this popular and engaging history of “forgotten people” tells the story up to the present era of national reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.
In 1993, the Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO) was established through the will of Métis people and Métis communities coming together throughout Ontario to create a Métis-specific governance structure. Prior to 1993, Métis had been involved in pan-Indigenous lobby groups and organizations. The MNO was not created to represent all individuals and communities that claim to be Métis, but those individuals and communities that are a part of the Métis Nation.
Police Criminal Records Check (PCRC) or the basic criminal record check for employment purposes costs $60.00 (includes HST) which is payable at the time of submitting your application. You must produce government-issued photo identification. (See Photo Identification Standards for acceptable identification.)
Volunteers and students seeking a record check for unpaid placement purposes will only be required to pay a $9.95 (+hst) online service fee.
This check is intended for applicants who are involved as a volunteer, employee or in any situation where a basic PCRC is requested (i.e. immigration, general labour, truck driving, warehouse, retail, etc.). This check is NOT intended for applicants who are seeking to volunteer and/or be employed with vulnerable persons.
This search is based on a query of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s National Repository for Criminal Records in Canada. It is based upon photo identification only and, therefore, is not confirmed by fingerprints. The completed check indicating the results of the criminal record search shall include the corporate seal of the Sault Ste. Marie Police Service as proof of authenticity.
If an applicant has a criminal conviction, this check can only be provided by the local Police Service where the applicant resides. If the person lives out of town and has a criminal conviction, again the check must be completed in the city in which they reside.
Police Criminal Records and Judicial Matters Check (PCRJMC – level two)
Police Criminal Records and Judicial Matters Check (PCRJMC – level two) is intended for applicants who are seeking to volunteer or be employed with agencies who require a PCRC (level one) along with a local police involvement and other systems/records where authorized – employment, volunteers, or student placement purposes where the position does not qualify for the vulnerable position screening:
A PCRJMC for employment purposes costs $60.00 (includes HST). This search is intended for individuals who will be employed in positions such as car sales, park wardens, Driver Seat (as Designated Driver), firefighters, etc.
Volunteers and students seeking a record check for unpaid placement purposes will only be required to pay a $9.95 (+hst) online service fee.
Police Vulnerable Sector Check (VSC- level three)
Police Vulnerable Sector Check (VSC- level three) is restricted to applicants seeking employment and/or volunteering with vulnerable individuals. It includes student placements.
A VSC for employment purposes costs $60.00 (includes HST). This search is intended for individuals who will be employed in vulnerable positions such as: day care centres, nursing, social workers, teaching, etc. This search is required when working with children (persons under 18 years of age), the elderly, sick or infirm.
This is available only to residents of Sault Ste. Marie and Prince Township. The Sault Ste. Marie Police Service does not provide record checks to people living outside of Canada. (For more information, please refer to our FAQ below.)
Volunteers and students seeking a record check for unpaid placement purposes will pay $30 as per the new fee schedule (includes HST). This record check is also for individuals who will be volunteering in vulnerable positions such as the: Children’s Aid Society, Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, boys and girls clubs, etc. This is required when volunteering with children (persons under 18 years of age), the elderly, sick or infirm.
Volunteers who require fingerprints to confirm their identity as required by the R.C.M.P.: You must provide AN ACCOMPANYING LETTER from the organization in which you will be volunteering so as to have the administrative fees waived by the Sault Ste. Marie Police Service and the R.C.M.P., otherwise all fees will be collected.
Students: If you are in Sault Ste. Marie attending school, and you are able to prove a Sault Ste. Marie or Prince Township residency, i.e. a bill or lease document, you may have your search done here.
Please note: If you are requesting a Police Vulnerable Sector Check, you will be required to confirm in the application process that the position for which you are applying meets the following criteria:
The position must be one of trust and authority towards vulnerable persons;
You will be interacting with vulnerable clients in a largely unsupervised capacity;
Contact with vulnerable persons will be sustained and regular.
Additionally, you may be required to provide a detailed job description that outlines the above-noted requirements to obtain a Vulnerable Sector Check.
The Onus of Proof is on the Claimant and The Taking of an Oath is on the Denier
On the authority of Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him), that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said:
Were people to be given everything that they claimed, men would [unjustly] claim the wealth and lives of [other] people. But, the onus of proof is upon the claimant, and the taking of an oath is upon him who denies. [Baihaqi]
عَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه و سلم قَالَ:
This mock jury selection exercise is designed to help you understand the process of establishing an impartial jury. While many of us understand the process of how jurors collaborate and deliberate on a case, the selection process is not often discussed or well understood. Many movies and television shows demonstrate how lawyers persuade jurors when presenting an argument; however, few media sources show the process of forming jury panels and selecting jury members for individual trials. This simulation will assess jury selection in hypothetical scenarios. When incorporated into a lesson, this task will simulate the entire process of jury selection. The re-enactment of this task requires students to play the role of lawyers, a judge, a registrar, prospective jurors, and the accused.
INTRODUCTION TO JURY DUTY Jury duty is one of many responsibilities that Canadian citizens are required to carry out. A jury is a group of individuals that makes a decision about a court hearing in an impartial manner. By being impartial, jurors are required to reach a decision based on the evidence presented in court, and reach a decision without any biases. In order to ensure that jurors are not biased, a series of steps occurs in the jury selection process to ensure that qualified and impartial jurors are selected to participate on juries.
The jury selection process is a critical process for the parties involved in a legal matter because the jury will ultimately decide the outcome of the trial. Therefore, it is important for both sides to have an impartial jury.
THE JURIES ACT The legislation governing the rules and regulations related to juries in Ontario is called the Juries Act. 1 It outlines the laws related to the eligibility of jurors, the preparation of jury rolls, the preparation of jury panels, the drawing of juries during a trial, and bringing challenges against potential jurors on the grounds that they might be biased or otherwise unsuitable to act as a juror.
ELIGIBILITY OF JURORS According to s. 2 of the Juries Act, in order to be eligible to act as a juror in Ontario, one must: (1) reside in Ontario, (2) be a Canadian citizen, (3) be at least 18 years of age at the beginning of the year in which the jury is selected, and (4) be able to speak, read, and understand English or French. A person may be ineligible to serve as a juror depending on their occupation, their connection with the court matter that they are a potential juror for, the recency of their previous jury service, or any personal circumstances that may
The Kebaowek First Nation’s legal challenge against Canadian Nuclear Laboratories over a proposed nuclear waste facility near the Ottawa River illustrates how progress on Indigenous rights often meets resistance. In a landmark ruling, Justice Julie Blackhawk affirmed that Canada’s commitments under the UNDRIP must meaningfully inform federal decision-making. Canadian Nuclear Laboratories appealed the decision, arguing against application of the UN Declaration Act and the requirement to obtain free, prior and informed consent from Indigenous nations.
Uncertainty is also being used by opponents of Indigenous-led marine protected areas. They promote and leverage the fears and uncertainties of concerned small businesses while also opposing the interests of other small-scale operators, including recreational fishers, that support MPAs.
It’s a familiar refrain: Those with established power seek to prevent change, hiding behind the concerns and doubts of community members, but quickly turn on them when it’s in their interest to do so.
In Manitoba, pushback against a Parks Canada initiative to establish corridors to maintain or restore ecological connectivity is rooted in scare tactics about Indigenous governance, among other fears. At a standing committee on environment and sustainable development meeting in 2024, a policy adviser for the hunting and fishing advocacy group the Manitoba Wildlife Federation said, “When you turn management over to Parks Canada, to Indigenous protected areas or to different control mechanisms that are not by elected officials, how is there any accountability?”
Each year, September 30 marks the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation (also known as Orange Shirt Day) as a response to Call #80
It is a day to honour and remember the children taken from their families, those who never returned home, and the individuals, families and communities still living with the lasting impacts and trauma caused by the residential school system in Canada. Public commemoration of the tragic and painful history and ongoing impacts of residential schools is a vital component of the reconciliation process. —Government of Canada
People wear orange shirts on this day because of Phyllis Webstad’s story. On her first day at residential school, her shiny new orange shirt, that was bought by her grandmother, was taken away from her as a sixyear old girl. —Orange Shirt Day Society
Modern DNA tells a surprising story: the Palestinian Arabs are more genetically connected to the ancient Israelites than the European Jews who displaced them. This is the untold story of how today’s Palestinians can trace their roots back to the Bronze Age Canaanites and to the people who once built the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
Historical religious Records: Jews – converted to Christianity – converted to Islam;
The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant
Highlights
•Analysis of genome-wide data for nine sites from the Bronze Age Southern Levant
•Contemporaneous samples from multiple sites are genetically similar
•Migration from the Zagros and/or Caucasus to the Levant between 2500–1000 BCE
•People related to these individuals contributed to all present-day Levantine populations
Summary
We report genome-wide DNA data for 73 individuals from five archaeological sites across the Bronze and Iron Ages Southern Levant. These individuals, who share the “Canaanite” material culture, can be modeled as descending from two sources: (1) earlier local Neolithic populations and (2) populations related to the Chalcolithic Zagros or the Bronze Age Caucasus. The non-local contribution increased over time, as evinced by three outliers who can be modeled as descendants of recent migrants.
We show evidence that different “Canaanite” groups genetically resemble each other more than other populations. We find that Levant-related modern populations typically have substantial ancestry coming from populations related to the Chalcolithic Zagros and the Bronze Age Southern Levant. These groups also harbor ancestry from sources we cannot fully model with the available data, highlighting the critical role of post-Bronze-Age migrations into the region over the past 3,000 years.
Narrated Anas bin Malik: Hudhaifa bin Al-Yaman came to `Uthman at the time when the people of Sham and the people of Iraq were Waging war to conquer Arminya and Adharbijan. Hudhaifa was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the recitation of the Qur’an, so he said to `Uthman, “O chief of the Believers! Save this nation before they differ about the Book (Qur’an) as Jews and the Christians did before.” So `Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, “Send us the manuscripts of the Qur’an so that we may compile the Qur’anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you.” Hafsa sent it to `Uthman. `Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, `Abdullah bin AzZubair, Sa`id bin Al-As and `AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. `Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, “In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Qur’an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur’an was revealed in their tongue.” They did so, and when they had written many copies, `Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. `Uthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur’anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt.
Reference – Sahid al Bukhari 4987, Book 66; Hadith 9; #Tashhkent copy;
Folio from the “Tashkent Qur’an”
late 8th–early 9th century
Magnificent in size, this folio comes from one of the oldest surviving Qur’an manuscripts in existence. It is written in an early version of the kufic script with no diacritical marks (tashkeel) to distinguish the letters, and with very limited illumination. Based on the form of the script, and the illuminations that do survive on other pages from this Qur’an, the book has been attributed to Cairo, Egypt; Damascus, Syria; or Sana’a, Yemen. About one third of the original manuscript is housed in the Hast-Imam Library in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
At that time, there were no printing presses. Books had to be written manually by specialized scribes and making a copy required a similar effort. The Quran was dictated word by word and letter by letter by the Prophet himself to specialized scribes.[1] The Prophet passed away in 632 AD. Afterwards, Abu Bakr, the first leader of the Muslims, gathered the original scripts of the scribes into one book, and then some time later, when the Muslim empire stretched from East to West, Uthman, the son-in-law of the Prophet and the third Caliph, ordered five copies of the original to be made and distributed to all parts of the Muslim world some twenty years later.[2]
Today, we have three manuscripts of Quran which are traced back to the Prophet’s son-in-law, the Caliph Uthman.
(1) The Samarqand Manuscript located in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. It is written on a parchment from gazelle skin. According to Memory of the World Program, UNESCO, an arm of the United Nations, ‘it is the definitive version, known as the Mushaf of Uthman, superseding all other versions.’[3]
Figure 1 This manuscript, held by the Muslim Board of Uzbekistan, is the earliest existent written version of the Quran. It is the definitive version, known as the Mushaf of Othman, superseding all other versions. Image courtesy of Memory of the World Register, UNESCO.
Figure 2 The Holy Quran of Othman in its glass-fronted safe. Image courtesy of Memory of the World Register, UNESCO.
79 –So woe to those who write the “scripture” with their own hands, then say, “This is from Allah,” in order to exchange it for a small price. Woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they earn.
77. Do they not know that God knows what they conceal and what they reveal? 78. And among them are uneducated who know the Scripture only through hearsay, and they only speculate.
79. So woe to those who write the Scripture with their own hands, and then say, “This is from God,” that they may exchange it for a little price. Woe to them for what their hands have written, and woe to them for what they earn.
80. And they say, “The Fire will not touch us except for a number of days.” Say, “Have you received a promise from God—God never breaks His promise—or are you saying about God what you do not know?”
(2:78) Among them are also the unlettered folk who do not know about the Scriptures but cherish baseless wishes and merely follow their conjectures.[89]
89. This was the state of the Jewish masses. They were ignorant of the Scriptures, unaware of the principles of faith as enunciated by God in His Book, unaware of the rules of conduct that He had laid down, and of the teachings which are of fundamental importance for man’s salvation. Because they lacked this knowledge, they fabricated a whole religion out of their desires and fancies, living in a paradise built on false hopes and illusions.
Ala-Maududi
(2:79) Woe, then, to those who write out the Scriptures with their own hands and then, in order to make a trifling gain, claim: “This is from Allah.”[90] Woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they thus earn.
90. These observations relate to their rabbis. They were not content with misinterpreting the Word of God. They also interjected into it their readings of the Scriptures and their explanatory comments thereof, stories from their national history, superstitious ideas and fancies, philosophical doctrines and legal rules. The result was that the Divine and the human became inextricably mixed. They claimed, nevertheless, that the entire thing was divine! Every historical anecdote, the interpretation of every commentator, the doctrine of every theologian, and the legal deduction of every jurist that managed to find its way into the Bible became the ‘Word of God’. It was thus obligatory to believe in all that, and every deviation from it became tantamount to deviation from the true faith.
Ala-Maududi
(2:80) They say: “The Fire will certainly not touch us except for a limited number of days.”[91] Say (to them): “Have you received a promise from Allah – for Allah never breaks His promise – or do you attribute to Allah something about which you have no knowledge?”
91. This is a misconception entertained by all Jews, laymen as well as rabbis. They felt sure that no matter what they did, they would remain immune from hell-fire just by virtue of being Jews! The worst they could conceive of was the possibility of a transient punishment before they were transported to heaven.
#Chaging the Torah; #Quran Kareem, #Corruption of the Scholars/ Rabbis;
Native people of Canada – or First Nations people – represent 5 percent of Canadian people (with different rates within different provinces)- with a rate of population growth; however – what exactly happened with the other 95 percent?!Excluding the Land possession – Doesn’t this sound like Genocide to anyone with a brain the size of a mustard grain?!
According to the 2021 Census, there were 1.8 million Indigenous people, representing 5.0% of the total Canadian population, up from 4.9% in 2016.
National Indigenous History Month and National Indigenous Peoples Day are opportunities to learn more about the unique cultures, traditions and experiences of First Nations people, Métis, and Inuit. This is also a time to honour the history, achievements, and resilience of Indigenous peoples, who have been living on this land since time immemorial and whose presence continues to impact the evolution of the country. Using 2021 Census of Population data, let’s shed some light on these populations (https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/genocide-and-indigenous-peoples-in-canada)
Forced Living in Reserves without the Right to Leave – Historical Facts
From 1885 into the 1940s, a pass system controlled Indigenous people’s movement, requiring those living on reserve to get written permission from an “Indian agent” (government officials) when needed to leave their community.
Reserves Today
Reserves are still vital land bases for Indigenous people across Canada, which continue to be classified as federal land but as self-governed by Indigenous people of their community.
Some reserves have the most concerning conditions in Canada, such as isolated communities with high poverty rates, substance addiction, suicide, unemployment, and mortality.
It is widely acknowledged that the cultural genocide and social disruption over generations by displacements, discriminatory legislation, and political neglect results in long-term hardships and hinder the re-establishment of social networks and stable communities.
According to the 2021 Census, there were 1.8 million Indigenous people, representing 5.0% of the total Canadian population, up from 4.9% in 2016.
However, this growth was not as fast as in previous years. For example, from 2011 to 2016, the Indigenous population grew by 18.9%, more than double the 2021 growth rate.
For the first time, the Census enumerated more than 1 million (1,048,405) First Nations people living in Canada.
The Language Issues:
English and French are the two “Offiicial” languages of Canada, enjoying equal status, rights, and privileges in all federal government institutions, parliament, and courts. Established by the Official Languages Act (1969) and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982), this policy guarantees Canadians the right to receive federal services in either language
Isn’t it Strange that No Native Languages are official Languages – also Colonization Effect – and again every person may speak their Language – and I guess we use English for convenience; but then again technically speaking Canada should have a goverment language – which may happen to be English – due to colonization – and no official language as technically speaking – Canada and US have majority immigrant populations – so the majority of populations in major urban centers speak a Different language at home.
#Canada ; #genocide; #history; #Colonization; #boiling water advisories; #sucide rates; #poverty; #forced Sterilizations, #Language Issues and #History;
1. Glory to Him who journeyed His servant by night, from the Sacred Mosque, to the Farthest Mosque, whose precincts We have blessed, in order to show him of Our wonders. He is the Listener, the Beholder.
2. And We gave Moses the Scripture, and made it a guide for the Children of Israel: Take none for protector other than Me.
3. The descendants of those We carried with Noah. He was an appreciative servant.
4. And We conveyed to the Children of Israel in the Scripture: You will commit evil on earth twice, and you will rise to a great height.
5. When the first of the two promises came true, We sent against you servants of Ours, possessing great might, and they ransacked your homes. It was a promise fulfilled.
6. Then We gave you back your turn against them, and supplied you with wealth and children, and made you more numerous.
7. If you work righteousness, you work righteousness for yourselves; and if you commit evil, you do so against yourselves. Then, when the second promise comes true, they will make your faces filled with sorrow, and enter the Temple as they entered it the first time, and utterly destroy all that falls into their power.
8. Perhaps your Lord will have mercy on you. But if you revert, We will revert. We have made Hell a prison for the disbelievers.
9. This Quran guides to what is most upright; and it gives good news to the believers who do good deeds, that they will have a great reward. 10. And those who do not believe in the Hereafter—We have prepared for them a painful punishment.
16. When We decide to destroy a town, We command its affluent ones, they transgress in it, so the word becomes justified against it, and We destroy it completely.
17. How many generations have We destroyed after Noah? Your Lord is sufficient as Knower and Beholder of the sins of his servants.
18. Whoever desires the fleeting life, We expedite for him what We decide to give him, to whomever We desire. Then We consign him to Hell, where he will roast, condemned and defeated.
Second Destruction and Fall of Jerusalem – the Roman Empire – 70CE
A lot of the Jewish people refused to acknowledge Nabi/ prophet Jesus as the Messiah – and they were destroyed and taken into slabvery for their Sins by the Roman empire; – Islam;
1 year ago“1 And Jesus went out, and departed from the temple: and his disciples came to him for to shew him the buildings of the temple. 2 And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. ” Matthew 24:1-2 KJV.
Quran kareem on Killing of the Prophets
˹They were condemned˺ for breaking their covenant, rejecting Allah’s signs, killing the prophets unjustly, and for saying, “Our hearts are unreceptive!”1—it is Allah Who has sealed their hearts for their disbelief, so they do not believe except for a few— Surah An Nisaa’ 4:155;
156. And for their faithlessness, and their saying against Mary a monstrous slander.
157. And for their saying, “We have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, the Messenger of God.” In fact, they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him, but it appeared to them as if they did. Indeed, those who differ about him are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it, except the following of assumptions. Certainly, they did not kill him.
158. Rather, God raised him up to Himself. God is Mighty and Wise.
#Destruction, #Temple, #Jerusalem, #Killing the Prophets
Gaius Julius Caesar himself in his “Commentaries on the Gallic wars” (58 to 51 B.C.) gives the following numbers: out of 3 million Gauls, one third was killed and another third was enslaved.
Plutarch, a Roman philosopher of the 1st century A.D., in his “Life of Caesar” confirms Caesar’s figures: one million enslaved and another millon murdered during the Gallic wars.
But French demographers, given Gaul’s agricultural and economic wealth capable to sustain a much bigger population, estimate the population of Gaul right before Caesar’s wars at about 10 to 12 million people.
Therefore, what we don’t know for sure is whether one million here becomes one tenth, and 8 to 10 million Gauls survived the conquest as free men. But it’s very likely.
What is certain is that, in a very fertile and wealthy country like Gaul/France there was a demographic come back of the Gaulish population (in a preindustrial society more than 90% lived in rural areas until the 1800’s).
Ceasar exaggerated these figures in order to enhance his victory.
Source: Sophie Hulot. César génocidaire ? Le massacre des Usipètes et des Tenctères (55 av. J.-C.). Revue des études anciennes, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 2018, 120 (1), pp.73-99. ffhal-01944519ff
National Geographic – Caesar’s Gaul campaign
Caesar made the political prime time at around age 40 by forging the First Triumvirate with Pompey the Great, noted general and statesman, and Marcus Licinius Crassus, one of Rome’s richest men. In 59 B.C., Caesar was elected consul.
He knew he needed a great military victory to win lasting glory beyond politics, so he set out to conquer the long-defiant Gauls—Celts who lived in modern-day France. Caesar’s seven-year Gaul campaign ended triumphantly in 51 B.C.The Gaul leader Vercingetorix was paraded in chains through Rome before being ritually strangled. In all, Caesar’s campaign killed or enslaved more than a million Gauls, a crushing victory that deepened the growing rivalry with Pompey, who had taken Caesar’s place as consul.
Caesar’s ambitious power grabs through political reform alienated many senators. When he declared himself dictator for life in 45 B.C., he sealed his fate. Threatened by Caesar’s tyranny, a group of conspirators—led by Brutus—plotted against him. On the Ides of March (March 15), 44 B.C., Caesar was assassinated, stabbed 23 times.
Though the conspirators eliminated Caesar himself, they neither thwarted his plans nor saved the republic. His designated heir, Octavian, outlasted Caesar’s antagonists and became the first Roman emperor. In keeping with Caesar’s eternal quest for glory, in death he acquired one last title and tribute.
Month of July named after a Genocidal maniac;
July was renamed for Julius Caesar, who was born that month. Before that, it was called Quintilis in Latin, meaning the fifth month in the ancient Roman calendar. However, Marc Anthony changed the name to July after Caesar’s assassination.
Julius Caesar himself introduced the Julian Calendar in 46 BC, adding 67 additional days by putting two intercalary months between November and December. According to Cicero, he probably did this after returning from an African military campaign in late Quntilis (July). This solved some leap-year problems.
History of the Month of August
What’s in a name? The name of this month was not always August; previously, the Romans referred to it as Sextilis. This was back in the days of Romulus in 753 BC, when there were originally ten months (… Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec). In 8 B.C., the Roman Senate decided to honor their first Emperor, Augustus Caesar, by changing the month’s name to Augustus.
Now, Augustus wasn’t his name; it was a description of his importance. He was born Gaius Octavius, though he is known in the history books as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus or Octavius to his friends. The title Augustus in Latin comes from augere, “to increase,” and was granted to him in 27 B.C. by the Roman Senate.
It meant “venerable” or “consecrated,” signifying his religious role in the Roman cultus. We use the term in English to describe someone auspicious, grand, or lordly… or with imperial qualities. The Greek equivalent is Sebaste (Σεβαστή).
He was elected to the College of Pontiffs and later joined his great-uncle, Julius Caesar, on the battlefield. The General (and Dictator) was so impressed that he changed his will and named the boy his prime beneficiary. As Caesar had no legitimate heir, this adoption meant Octavius would succeed him.
Octavius took the name Gaius Julius Caesar, though Roman tradition required that he append the surname Octavianus (or Octavian) to denote his biological family. He is alternatively known as Octavius, Octavian, or Augustus.
bismillahschool.net 